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This test measures iron concentration in liver tissue, typically obtained through biopsy. Liver iron assessment is used to diagnose and monitor hemochromatosis (iron overload) and cirrhosis. Elevated liver iron indicates excessive iron accumulation, which damages the liver and other organs, causing fibrosis, cirrhosis, and increased disease risk. Iron measurement helps distinguish iron-related liver disease from other causes and guides chelation or phlebotomy treatment.

This test measures glucose concentration in peritoneal dialysate fluid, the solution used during peritoneal dialysis for kidney failure. Glucose naturally diffuses from the dialysate into the bloodstream during treatment, and measuring residual glucose helps assess dialysate dwell time and treatment effectiveness. Changes in dialysate glucose levels can indicate peritoneal membrane changes or absorption problems affecting dialysis adequacy and treatment outcomes.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) in blood, measured as bicarbonate, is crucial for acid-base balance and respiration. This test assesses how well your lungs remove CO2 and how well your kidneys regulate acid balance. Elevated CO2 suggests respiratory problems or metabolic alkalosis, while low CO2 may indicate hyperventilation or metabolic acidosis. Results help diagnose breathing disorders, kidney disease, and serious metabolic imbalances affecting multiple organ systems.

Calcium is an essential mineral critical for bone health, muscle function, nerve signaling, and blood clotting. This test measures calcium levels in serum or plasma, reflecting overall calcium balance in the body. About 99% of calcium is stored in bones, while the remaining 1% circulates in the blood and is tightly regulated. Abnormal serum calcium may indicate parathyroid disorders, vitamin D deficiency, kidney disease, or certain malignancies. Both hypocalcemia (low calcium) and hypercalcemia (high calcium) can cause serious symptoms including muscle cramps, cardiac arrhythmias, and neurological changes.

Homocysteine is an amino acid produced during protein metabolism. Elevated blood homocysteine, called hyperhomocysteinemia, is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and blood clots. High levels may indicate deficiencies in vitamins B12, B6, or folate, kidney disease, or genetic factors affecting homocysteine metabolism. This test helps identify cardiovascular risk and vitamin deficiencies. Lowering homocysteine through B-vitamin supplementation or dietary changes may reduce heart disease and stroke risk.

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) is an androgen hormone produced by the adrenal glands. A 24-hour urine test measures total DHEA-S excretion, reflecting adrenal hormone production. DHEA-S levels naturally decline with age and can indicate adrenal insufficiency or dysfunction if abnormally low, or adrenal tumors or excess androgen production if abnormally high. This test helps evaluate adrenal gland function, hormonal imbalances, and conditions affecting hormone metabolism.

This test measures transferrin, an iron-transport protein, in urine. Normally, transferrin does not appear in significant amounts in urine because it's too large to filter through healthy kidneys. Elevated urinary transferrin suggests kidney damage or a glomerular filtration problem, as the protein is 'leaking' into urine. This finding may indicate early kidney disease, diabetes complications, or other renal conditions requiring further evaluation.

Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in your body. A blood ferritin test measures iron storage levels and is a key marker of iron metabolism. Elevated ferritin may indicate iron overload, hemochromatosis, inflammation, liver disease, or certain cancers. Low ferritin suggests iron deficiency, which can cause anemia, fatigue, and weakness. This test helps diagnose both iron deficiency and iron overload conditions.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels by allowing cells to absorb sugar for energy. An insulin test measures circulating insulin levels, which rise after eating or during fasting depending on metabolic function. Elevated fasting insulin may indicate insulin resistance, where cells don't respond properly to insulin, increasing risk for prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. Low insulin levels may suggest pancreatic dysfunction or diabetes.

This specialized blood gas measurement indicates the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) at which hemoglobin reaches 50% saturation—a value that reflects hemoglobin's oxygen-carrying efficiency. This adjusted measurement helps assess how readily hemoglobin releases oxygen to tissues. Abnormal values may indicate lung disease, heart conditions, altitude-related changes, or hemoglobin abnormalities. This test is primarily used in clinical settings for respiratory and critical care assessment.

Iron binding capacity measures the amount of iron that can be carried by transferrin, a protein in blood that transports iron throughout the body. This test is part of iron metabolism assessment and helps evaluate iron stores and absorption. Elevated iron binding capacity may suggest iron deficiency, while low levels can indicate iron overload or chronic disease. Understanding iron binding capacity alongside other iron markers (ferritin, serum iron) provides a complete picture of iron status, which is essential for energy production, oxygen transport, and immune function.

Thyroid hormone uptake, also called T-uptake or resin uptake, is an older thyroid function test measuring thyroid hormone binding capacity in blood. It indirectly assesses thyroid hormone levels and is often used in combination with total T4 to calculate free T4 estimates. This test is less commonly used today, having been largely replaced by direct free T4 and TSH measurements. When ordered, abnormal results may indicate thyroid disorder, but interpretation requires clinical context and additional testing.

Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in nursing mothers but should remain low in non-pregnant individuals. Elevated prolactin levels (hyperprolactinemia) can cause irregular menstruation, infertility, erectile dysfunction, and inappropriate milk production. High prolactin may indicate a pituitary tumor, certain medications, or thyroid disorders. This test is essential for evaluating fertility issues, sexual dysfunction, and menstrual irregularities.

This test measures total 25-hydroxyvitamin D, combining both vitamin D2 (from foods and supplements) and vitamin D3 (from sun exposure and food). The 25-hydroxy form is the best indicator of overall vitamin D status because it reflects total body stores. This single measurement efficiently assesses vitamin D adequacy for bone health, immune function, and calcium regulation without measuring multiple vitamin D forms.